terça-feira, 25 de outubro de 2011

Código de Hamurabi

PREFÁCIO:

Quando o alto Anu, Rei de Anunaki e Bel, Senhor da Terra e dos Céus, determinador dos destinos do mundo, entregou o governo de toda humanidade a Marduk... quando foi pronunciado o alto nome da Babilônia; quando ele a fez famosa no mundo e nela estabeleceu um duradouro reino cujos alicerces tinham a firmeza do céu e da terra - por esse tempo de Anu e Bel me chamaram, a mim, Hamurabi, o excelso príncipe, o adorador dos deuses, para implantar a justiça na terra, para destruir os maus e o mal, para prevenir a opressão do fraco pelo forte... para iluminar o mundo e propiciar o bem-estar do povo. (...) [1].

EPÍLOGO:

As justas leis que Hamurabi, o sábio rei, estabeleceu e (com as quais) deu base estável ao governo ... Eu sou o governador guardião ... Em meu seio trago o povo das terras de Sumer e Acad; ... em minha sabedoria eu os refreio, para que o forte não oprima o fraco e para que seja feita justiça à viúva e ao órfão ... Que cada homem oprimido compareça diante de mim, como rei que sou da justiça. Deixai-o ler a inscrição do meu monumento. Deixai-o atentar nas minhas ponderadas palavras. E possa o meu monumento iluminá-lo quanto à causa que traz, e possa ele compreender o seu caso. Possa ele folgar o coração (exclamando) "Hamurabi é na verdade como um pai para o seu povo; ... estabeleceu a prosperidade para sempre e deu um governo puro à terra. Quando Anu e Enlil (os deuses de Uruk e Nippur) deram-me a governar as terras de Sumer e Acad, e confiaram a mim este cetro, eu abri o canal. Hammurabi-nukhush-nish (Hamurabi-a-abundância-do-povo) que traz água copiosa para as terras de Sumer e Acad. Suas margens de ambos os lados eu as transformei em campos de cultura; amontoei montes de grãos, provi todas as terras de água que não falha ... O povo disperso se reuniu; dei-lhe pastagens em abundância e o estabeleci em pacíficas moradias".

PREFÁCIO (Liberty Fund):

When the lofty Anu, king of the Anunnaki, and Bel, lord of heaven and earth, he who determines the destiny of the land, committed the rule of all mankind to Marduk, the chief son of Ea; when they made him great among the Igigi; when they pronounced the lofty name of Babylon; when they made it famous among the quarters of the world and in its midst established an everlasting kingdom whose foundations were firm as heaven and earth—at that time, Anu and Bel called me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, the worshiper of the gods, to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil, to prevent the strong from oppressing the weak, to go forth like the Sun over the Black Head Race, to enlighten the land and to further the welfare of the people.[2]

EPÍLOGO (Liberty Fund):

The righteous laws, which Hammurabi, the wise king, established and (by which) he gave the land stable support and pure government. Hammurabi, the perfect king, am I. I was not careless, nor was I neglectful of the Black-Head people, whose rule Bel presented and Marduk delivered to me. I provided them with a peaceful country. I opened up difficult barriers and lent them support. With the powerful weapon which Za-má-má and Nana entrusted to me, with the breadth of vision which Ea allotted me, with the might which Marduk gave me, I expelled the enemy to the North and South; I made an end of their raids; I brought health to the land; I made the populace to rest in security; I permitted no one to molest them.
The great gods proclaimed me and I am the guardian governor, whose scepter is righteous and whose beneficent protection is spread over my city. In my bosom I carried the people of the land of Sumer and Akkad; under my protection I brought their brethren into security; in my wisdom I restrained (hid) them; that the strong might not oppose the weak, and that they should give justice to the orphan and the widow, in Babylon, the city whose turrets Anu and Bel raised; in Esagila, the temple whose foundations are firm as heaven and earth, for the pronouncing of judgments in the land, for the rendering of decisions for the land, and for the righting of wrong, my weighty words I have written upon my monument, and in the presence of my image as king of righteousness have I established. (…)[3]

PREFÁCIO (L. W. King, 1915):

When Anu the Sublime, King of the Anunaki, and Bel, the lord of Heaven and earth, who decreed the fate of the land, assigned to Marduk, the over-ruling son of Ea, God of righteousness, dominion over earthly man, and made him great among the Igigi, they called Babylon by his illustrious name, made it great on earth, and founded an everlasting kingdom in it, whose foundations are laid so solidly as those of heaven and earth; then Anu and Bel called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak; so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash, and enlighten the land, to further the well-being of mankind.[4]

(…)

EPÍLOGO (L. W. King, 1915):

Laws of justice which Hammurabi, the wise king, established. A righteous law, and pious statute did he teach the land. Hammurabi, the protecting king am I. I have not withdrawn myself from the men, whom Bel gave to me, the rule over whom Marduk gave to me, I was not negligent, but I made them a peaceful abiding-place. I expounded all great dificulties, I made the light shine upon them. With the mighty weapons which Zamama and Ishtar entrusted to me, with the keen vision with which Ea endowed me, with the wisdom that Marduk gave me, I have up-rooted the enemy above and below (in north and south), subdued the earth, brought prosperity to the land, guaranteed security to the inhabitants in their homes; a disturber was not permitted.

The great gods have called me, I am the salvation-bearing shepherd, whose sta_ is straight, the good shadow that is spread over my city; on my breast I cherish the inhabitants of the land of Sumer and Akkad; in my shelter I have let them repose in peace; in my deep wisdom have I enclosed them. That the strong might not injure the weak, in order to protect the widows and orphans, I have in Babylon the city where Anu and Bel raise high their head, in E-Sagil, the Temple, whose foundations stand firm as heaven and earth, in order to bespeak justice in the land, to settle all disputes, and heal all injuries, set up these my precious words, written upon my memorial stone, before the image of me, as king of righteousness.(…)[5]


[1] http://www.culturabrasil.org/zip/hamurabi.pdf
[2] Hammurabi, The Code of Hammurabi King of Babylon about 2250 B.C. Autographed Text Transliteration Translation Glossary Index of Subjects Lists of Proper Names Signs Numerals Corrections and Erasures with Map Fronticepiece and Photograph of Text, by Robert Francis Harper (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904). Disponível em: http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1276. Acessado em 17/10/2011.
[3] HAMMURABI, The Code of Hammurabi King of Babylon about 2250 B.C. Autographed Text Transliteration Translation Glossary Index of Subjects Lists of Proper Names Signs Numerals Corrections and Erasures with Map Fronticepiece and Photograph of Text, by Robert Francis Harper (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904). Disponível em: http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1276. Acessado em 17/10/2011.
[4] THE CODE OF HAMMURABI. Translated by L. W. King. Disponível em: http://www.general-intelligence.com/library/hr.pdf. Acessado em 17/10/2011.
[5] THE CODE OF HAMMURABI. Translated by L. W. King. Disponível em: http://www.general-intelligence.com/library/hr.pdf. Acessado em 17/10/2011.

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